FSUN's History Columns

 
The Goodwill of the People is the key factor of supporting the United Nations. 

The United Nations was established to promote world peace and prevented from the occurrence of another World War. Foundation is involved in many global activities dealing with peace, security and the preservation of the natural environment. Through their involvement the United Nations is gaining importance beyond measure. The foundation for the Support of the United Nations (FSUN) is an organization created on the 28th of November in 1988. The soul purpose of the Foundation is supporting various activities of the United Nations at the private or non-government level. FSUN was granted as the NGO in general consultative status with Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations (Category I). FSUN was authorized a non-profitable foundation by the State Government of New York, the United States Federal Government and the Kingdom of Cambodia.

 
Our aims

Establishing the Boutros-Ghali Award, for the purpose of developing and supporting young leaders in the future generations.

The sixth Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali once said that the United Nations wished to establish an award and scholarships to encourage the development of young scholars who will lead the future generations.  FSUN embraced his idea and established the Boutros Ghali Scholarship (renamed Boutros Ghali Award) in 1993.

The Award recognizes promising young scholars from each of the five continents of the world and supports their efforts to further work of the United Nations. In accordance with resignation of Mr. Boutros Boutros Ghali, the title and system of the award has been considered. 

FSUN was authorized as NGO with ECOSOC (Category I) of The United Nations in December 1996. 

After eight years of international humanitarian activities, FSUN was granted as a NGO that was in general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations. The current status is the same as the former Category 1 status for NGOs. 

ECOSOC entitled FSUN to the right to speak at the main meetings with equivalent status as representatives of nations 

There are about 1,000 NGOs with ECOSOC status throughout the world, and only 69 of them belong to Category I, and each of 436 and 563 NGO's rank to Category 2 and Lowstar. There are only about 10 NGO's in Japan with ECOSOC status. FSUN plans to recruit educated men (and women) throughout the world to establish the WISDOM GROUP. This group will dedicate itself to the humanitarian and peace keeping efforts of the United Nation.

 
The FSUN Chapter by Mr. Ichiro Watanabe.

The FSUN Chapter 
 

 
1. We the Peoples

We the members of the Foundation for Support of the United Nations (FSUN), respect the spirit of the United Nations Charter, and advance toward the future, basing our cause upon humanism of symbiosis.

 2. Objectives for the Peoples

We serve the cause of the peace and welfare of all humanity by supporting the United Nations.

3. Rule of Aid and Support

We, in providing aid, uphold the position of mutual regard for independence, autonomy and empowerment through self-help. 

4. Mutual Respect

We praise and learn the strong points of others, and fortify their weak points and give them advice if necessary; and together create a century of human symbiosis for our sake and for posterity.

5. Human Rights

The greatest issue of humankind is "human rights," which we defend, improve and promote. 

6. Cultural Rights

We do not exclude cultural differences, but work together with all the others for a world of human symbiosis, securing the cultural rights to live together. 

This Charter was proposed at the general meeting of the FSUN members in 1997 and was established in 1999. 

 
1, We, the Peoples 

First there are the words "We the Peoples." It is widely known that the United Nation Charter begins with the words, "We, the Peoples of the Governments." 

In these words we find and feel profound implications that develop evidently from the Constitution of the United States and the essence of President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and from that of the Peace Treaty of Paris. 

The United Nations consists of the delegates of 185 nations, who convene and vote on decisions. 

Because of this fact, the U.N. appears to be composed solely of the governments from nation-states, but the U.N. is actually a world body in which the delegates of their government's vote and inter-governmental organizations, such as IMF, World Bank, and ILO, work jointly with those delegates. 

Therefore, it is as if something like each ministry of the World Government already exists in the U. N., working in international concert that does not violate the authority of the government of each nation. 

Specifically ILO has contributed outstandingly to the raising of the levels of the labor and welfare of each nation and therefore it was awarded Nobel Peace Price twice. 

In addition, the United Nations provides for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to have their own voices heard in it. 

In the past such organizations were entities liable to be belittled because of the adjective "non-governmental," but recently the very same entities have risen in stature and are regarded as even the "Conscience of the United Nations." 

Witness that each and every resolution passed at the World Environment Conference in Rio de Janeiro was the acknowledged outcome of the action and influence of NGOs. At the out-set of the Conference; the governments of nations were hesitant and very negative. Their representatives foresaw that if stricter environmental standards were set up the less favorable the standards would be for the economic development of their nations. 

Confronted by the concerted opposition, the members of the NGOs Who gathered from all over the world launched unflinching motions, and contributed to the formulation of the Rio de Janeiro Declaration for the Environment. 

As is in this case, whether to take the standpoint of all humanity or each government is currently the greatest issue of all. 

In this context, whether are nuclear weapons needed or not? From the standpoint of all humanity, it is obvious that no nuclear weapon is needed. Conversely, the more each nation takes the standpoint of its government, the more impelled it is to take into account the balance of power by nuclear weapons. 

Thus a sharp antagonism between human interests and national interests has arisen, and some say that whether we open the right door to the 2lst century depends upon whether we open the door to human Interests. 

Hereupon the U. N. Charter shows the answer in a clear And splendid way: "We, the Peoples " This is not "We the Nations "nor "We, the Governments, "but focuses on" all the Peoples of the World," Implying unquestionably that the United Nations stands for the Peace and happiness and prosperity of all the peoples. 

Indeed, I hold that it is no exaggeration to say that the essential spirit of the U, N. Charter resides in its first line. 

We do not say that there is no need for modifying the Charter of The United Nations or reforming its structure. The concrete sentences of the U, N. Charter must be evolved. 

The structure of the United Nations should be reformed all the more. At the same time it is right, I Believe, to move forward and actualize the essential spirit of the U. N. Charter, namely "the fundamental commitment to the cause of the Happiness and peace of all humanity on the earth" as I interpret it. 

At the same time, we must be mindful that it is vain and Impractical speculation to think of staging our movement by ignoring the interests of each nation. Considering the long history and circumstances of each state, each government and each people, we need to temper differing interests and assertions and proceed with Moderation. 

So long as we uphold the words, "We, the Peoples," we ought not to hope for the happiness of a single nation.

As long as we hope for the happiness of all the peoples, we must extend "dialogue" across the world and spread throughout the world the idea of solving problems by "gradual reform." This may mean the formation of what may be called a new kind of Tran nationalism, i, e. the principle of global citizenship, with the happiness of all humanity as a goal. 

 
2,Objectives for the Peoples 

The second point is "objectives." We wish to make it objective to serve the cause of the peace and welfare of all humanity by supporting the United Nations. 

This is an extraordinary theme, and some say that it is too grand an objective for one foundation. 

However, I hold that it is because we are oriented toward this objective that we can maintain our standing as an ideal foundation. 

In fact, the Foundation for Support of the United Nations upholds the very objective because its goal is to merge with all humanity as a bulwark of support to the United Nations. 

The natural course for this foundation is to advance focusing on contributing to human happiness by promoting the projects of the United Nations as the organization created by human beings them selves. 

A corporate president once said to me, "To support the United Nations! That is a role of the government, and not a role of citizens. I don't think we need to do so." 

I hold that this is yet another way of thinking for us to overcome. Fifty years ago, when the United Nations was formed, many delegates agreed, "this world body cannot be sustained if only the governments are to support it." 

In short, I believe that neither the future of the United Nations nor the future of the globe would be ensured unless we, members of NGOs, various races and peoples on the earth advance in our efforts for a better world.

Take the Landmine Ban Treaty as one example, the set of ILO Treaties as another, to see how great the effect of the works of NGOS were. 

The potential of NGOS is now known worldwide. According to Dr. Johan Galtung, the noted Norwegian scholar of peace studies, a new age has come along. 

This is, he said, "the time for International Peoples' Organizations (i.e. NGOs) to take leadership and for the governments to follow it." Fulfilling this mission is our objective. 

 
3,Rule of Aid and Support 

Thirdly, by the "Rule of Aid and Support," we refer to the principle of independence, autonomy and empowerment through self-help. 

In aiding Cambodia, our foundation achieved notable results. We alone built the twelve schoolhouses anew. Using money equitably, without bribery or misappropriation, was also a good achievement. 

Those who were in charge of the task made extraordinary efforts. 

We also made a number of artificial legs for victims of landmines In Cambodia. The number so far amounts to some 4,000. 

They were our gift. We made most of the artificial legs for victims throughout Cambodia. As our achievements became known, our other projects like schoolhouse construction went smoother. 

The key to this success was building friendship and trust.

While at work there, we came to understand the gravity of the situation in Cambodia. Why? Landmines are still manufactured, exported and imported, and continue to kill people under the tacit permission of the governments of some nations. Meanwhile we help the Cambodian victims. We were struck by the contradiction. 

Therefore, on the occasion of the September 1995 Women's Convention in Beijing, women members of our foundation (L21 members) wrote and faxed a letter to Ms. Gertrude Mongella, chief secretariat of the event. 

These women asked her to add negotiations concerning the problem of landmines to the convention agenda. In consequence, though not a result of our efforts alone, our all-out campaign bore fruit in the form of an action program including six points of proposal for banning landmines, which was adopted by the Women's Convention in Beijing.

Later, according to notice from Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the proposal presented by our foundation was used as the basis of the speech of Mr. Owada, then Japan's ambassador to the United Nations, at the first meeting of the representatives in Geneva to negotiate on a landmine ban. 

It was heartening to hear this news. 

Thus the representatives of our foundation were able to propose the banning of landmines in the Women's Convention. 

More than anything else, it pleased us that we were able to act as a vanguard of groups campaigning for this cause across the world. 

We learned through these experiences that in aiding others we should not only give material things but also must strive in terms of real-life and real politics to eliminate the roots of suffering that lie behind such plights. 

Usually we are conscious that to take such action is difficult even to members of the National Assembly, even to the staff of the National Government. Nevertheless, we began to feel that if we have the will there is occasionally a way. This is exhilarating to us. 

Personally. I found myself in the position of one of the victims receiving aid during the Great Kobe Earthquake. As a matter of fact, from the side of those who were aided, I became keenly aware of a difficult problem of aiding others. 

Being flooded with goods can render victims passive, dependent and inclined to bum things from others. Such relief would end in failure. I am one of those who were made to realize acutely that there exists such a pitfall in the aid process. 

I saw many cases in which the donors were gratified but the recipients were forced to receive stuff they really didn't need. The sufferings of those who are unemployed, or homeless, or separated from friends include problems to be addressed case by case. 

Aiding them merely with massive quantities of goods is not necessarily relevant or appropriate in some cases. 

Recently we have slowed schoolhouse construction in Cambodia. Our reason for this change came from our conversation with the Cambodian education officials. 

One of them said, "We want you to build 3,500 primary schools." Another said similarly, "We expect a great deal from you." 

So we asked them, "How much is appropriated in your Education Ministry budget for new schoolhouses?" "Nothing," they answered and added, "We are waiting for foreign countries to aid us." 

We, the Japanese, have high spirits to readily build our schools by ourselves, even if that means economizing on other expenses. 

Why couldn't we pass our spirits to the Cambodians? At the moment I thought to myself, "We have failed!" In the process of constructing the twelve schoolhouses, I thought that we inspired them many times. 

Beautiful presentation ceremonies were held in an atmosphere of exaltation. And yet I regretted that we could not transmit "our spirits" to them, the spirits depicted by Yuzo Yamamoto in his famous drama, "One Hundred Bales of Rice." 

It was painful to realize that there are limits to what material relief can do. From now on, we must aid people in distress so as to foster their will to overcome their plights on their own. 

Perhaps it is wrong that we merely become distributors of materialistic goods without considering the mental side of the problem. Eventually the members of our foundation were awakened. 

And what should we do at the next stage of relief efforts? 

Material goods are vital if delivered immediately, be it rice balls, water or blankets, when shelter, food, gas, electricity or water is not available. That was the case in the circumstances of Kobe. 

But I realized that "rmmediate ald" and "perpetual aid" are different things in the level of meaning. Some say that to donate without seeing the faces of recipients is a terrible thing. 

If donors see recipients, they will know exactly what is needed, what is expected, and how to help people stand up. Aid is often dispensed through extensive, computerized trucking and distribution systems, flooding an area with material goods, which generally ends in failure. 

This failure was brought home to residents of Kobe. 

Yes, case-by-case, one by one. Helping others requires personal, scrupulous care. 

As a principle of relief, both the donors and the needy must stand on their own. 

The spirit of independence, the conduct of self-control, and ultimately the practice of self-help are essential to everyone. More attention must be paid to the importance of making efforts on one's own, planning for oneself and thereby strengthening oneself. 

 
4,Mutual Respect 

The fourth principle we wish to establish is that of mutual respect. Members of our foundation come, activities of compassion and love, from various regions of the world. 

We differ in belief, religion and in sex, nationality, profession, background, education and experience. Besides, we are supporters of different political parties. A smorgasbord of people that is our makeup. 

Nevertheless, there is a way to unite people. As I recall my experiences, at good times when we got along well with each other, there was invariably a principle lived up to among ourselves. 

Those were times when we mutually respected the virtues of the others and learned from them. When a person says to another, "You are doing a wonderful thing!" or "I respect your character," the two get along well together. 

Yet what about trines when one cannot ignore another's weak point or fault? If the former gives warm advice to the latter and maintains a complementary relationship, and if that advice is appreciated, then the two get well with each other. 

I have experienced this in relations with individuals both within and without organizations. 

Arrogance and haughty authoritarianism achieve opposite results. Having one's own way by pushing others high-handedly, or with money, or by power, or by status is improper to us. Mutual respect and dialogue beget persuasion and agreement, though this method is that of oriental gradualists. 

If the 2lst century is to be forged by global humanity, we must reciprocate by learning the strong points of others and make up for their weak points by advice or other proper means. Members of the FSUN will put this into practice and thereby establish the principle of mutual respect. 

If our foundation is strengthened in unity and grows in the world where many organizations collapse or break apart because of whispered mutual slander and libel and backbiting, it will be the model for the new century. 

So long as we aspire to support the United Nations and promote international relief, establishing this principle is a fundamental precondition, and therefore I have prescribed it here. 

 
5,Human Rights 

The fifth point concerns the imperative principle that human rights should be duly respected. 

Conscientious people will agree that this is imperative. Those who regard the 20th century as the "Age of Wars" in which humanity have slaughtered one another, will join in common longing to transform the 2lst century magnificently mto the "Age of Mutual Respect for Life" in which symbiosis is the absolute order, in other words, into a millennium in which mutual respect for human conscience and good sense will be maximized in the conduct of life. 

But, what on earth are human rights? No solid consensus has been reached yet. Ideas and arguments need to be developed. 

This need is apparent in the relationship of the U. S. A. and China, as the two nations are antagonistic over many aspects of human rights. 

If I may dare to express my intuition, it is that the substance of the ideas of human rights is the very basis of the idea of human symbiosis, as the fundamentally philosophical safeguard of the dignity of human life. 

In this sense, all the human activities and cultures need to be examined fundamentally in terms of the philosophy that respects life and symbiosis. 

Any politics, economy, education, religion or philosophy that exists ignoring the importance of symbiosis and neglecting the dignity of life must be fundamentally improved. 

In our endeavors we vow to bravely undertake this basic task, promote research and study, and gather wisdom in order to forge a century built on respect for life. 

 
6,Cultural Rights 

The sixth point concerns the rights of each ethnic group and its members to its indigenous culture: namely the rights to possess, preserve and transmit that culture and customs. 

These rights must be defended so long as they neither interferes with the human rights of every individual neither involved in the group nor threaten the rights of other cultural groups. 

This does not imply that every individual should be aligned with a particular cultural group against his or her will. It means instead that no individual should be deprived of the right to remain in his or her indigenous cultural group. 

Belonging to such a group enables the individual to know his or her roots and have confidence in his or her identity with other members of the group. 

This is possible only if each cultural group has the guaranteed rights to determine its common destiny, to seek survival, and to pursue ways to protect its members. 

The diverse cultures, Ianguages and worldviews of humankind abound in wisdom fostered and preserved by indigenous cultural groups for better human survival, Development and welfare. 

Most often this is wisdom developed and accumulated over the millennia. For example, the healing technique called acupuncture, the idea of political federation and trivalent logic, to name only a few, were devised and have been preserved by such groups and can be valuable to the rest of humanity. 

Therefore, ensuring cultural rights is essential to all the indigenous cultural groups, and can benefit all humankind. 

Unfortunately in today's climate, however, weaker ethnic groups with such cultural legacies are in crisis. A major characteristic of the contemporary world is destructiveness to these groups. 

It is easy for larger, aggressive groups to justify the obliteration of smaller, economically disadvantaged groups, even if it is not an act of obvious extermination, in the name of exposing them to the blessings of civilization, improved standards of living, democracy, superior religion, or entry into capitalistic markets. 

While there are still ethnic groups, such as the Masai of East Africa, that choose not to submit to any such cultural aggression, there are sorne others that have reluctantly begun to adopt the modern elements of the powerful economies. 

And yet even these latter peoples are endeavoring to maintain their own sets of distinct values without being completely absorbed into a foreign civilization. 

The present situation is in need of a wholesome and harmonious global community that enables each cultural group to choose its own future course. 

If we have learned any lesson from the welfare system of Europe, it is, first, that most individuals need to be rooted in cultural groups, and secondly, that cultural groups need to have secure homelands prior to the openness and tolerance needed to form transcultural communities like the European Union, and thirdly, that economic prosperity is the strongest and perhaps the only motivation conducive to the Formation of such communities. 

The Indian Nobel Laureate, Rabindranath Tagore, reminded us so eloquently of our destiny: "We will be able to enjoy peace only when we learn to live together with our cultural differences, not when we try to eliminate them." 

Our main task is to establish a global order that allows all the peoples to have confidence in their identities and live safely in the future of their communities.

In order for people to live in peace with all the other humanity on the earth, social development must follow parameters free from any elements of threat or fear or disadvantage. 

Ichiro Watanabe is the SeniorAdvisor 

To the Foundation for Support of the United Nations (FSUN). 

He is a founder thereof

 
BY-LAWS OF FOUNDATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 
ARTICLE 1 DIRECTORS

Section 1,1. Management of the Corporation. The property, business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by a Board of Directors, which shall consist of at least three (3) persons and up to thirty (30) persons. The number of Directors may be altered from time to time by amendment of these BY-Laws; provided, however, that any such amendment by action of the Board of Directors shall require the vote no decrease shall shorten the term of any incumbent Directo 

Section 1,2. Election; Term of Office; Vacancies. The initial members of the Board shall consist of the persons designated in the Certificate of Incorporation. Vacancies on the Board, for any reason, and newly created directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors elected or appointed at large, shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of Directors then in office regardless of their number. All Sirectors whenever elected shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the Board and until their respective successors shall have been chosen and shall have qualified 

Section 1,3. Resignation; Removal. Any Director may resign at any time by delivering a written resignation to the President. Unless required by the terms of such resignation, formal acceptance shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any of all fo the directors may be removed for cause by vote of the Members or by vote of the Directors at a meeting at which there is a quorum or not less than a majority of Direct 

Section 1,4. Meetings. The annual meetin of the Board shall be held on the fifteenth (15th) day of April or at such other times as may be fixed by the Board. Special meetings of the Board may be called at any time by the President or any Vice President or by any Director upon written demand of one-third of the Board and shall be held at such time and place as may be specified in the notice of meeti 

Section 1,5. Notice of Meetings. Written notice of the time and place of all special meetings of the Board shall be given personally or by first class mail to each Direcor at least five and not more than fifteen days prior to such meeting, provided that notice need not be given to any mumber of the Board who executes a waiver of notice or who is present at such meeting without protest. 

Section 1,6. Quorum. A majority of all Directors then in office shall constitute a quorum for the trasaction of any business at any meetin, except as otherwise required by law. In the absence of a quorum, a majority of those present may adjourn any meetin gto another time and place, provided that notice of the meeting be given to Directors not present at the time of the adjournment. 

Section 1,7. Voting. Except as otherwise proveided by law or in these By-Laws, all matters shall be decided by vote of a majority of the directors present at the time of the vote, if a quorum is present at such time. 

Section 1,8. Action without a Meeting; Telephonic Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board at a meeting may be takecn without a meeting if a consent in writing, adopting a resolution suthorizing the action, shall be signed by all the members of the Board. The members of the Board may participate in a meeting of the Board by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment allowing all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other at the same time. Participation by such means shall constitute presence n person at such meeting. 

 
ARTICLE 2 OFFICERS

Section 2,1. Election of Officers. The officers of the Corporation shall be a President, one or more Vice presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer and such other officers as the Board of Directors shall determine. The officers need not be Direcotrs. The officers shall be elected by a majority vote of the Board at the annual meetin of the Board and shall hold office until the next annual meeting of the Board and until their successors shall have been chosen and shall hve qualified. A vacancy in any office may be filled by the Board at any meetin. A person may hold nay two or more offices simultaneooously, except the offices of President and Secretary.

Section 2,2. Resignation; Removal. Any officer may resign at any time by delivering a written resignation to the president or to the Board. Any officer elected by the Board may be removed by the Board with or without cause. 

Section 2,3. President. The President shall be the chidf executive officer of the Corporation and shall preside at all meetings of the Board. Except as otherwise provided by resolution of the Board, the president shall be a member exofficio of all committees. The President and the Treasurer shall present at the Annual Meeting of the Board, a report in accordance with Section 519 of the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law of the State of New York as such section may from time time to time be amended. The President, in addition, shall perform such other duties as the Board may prescribe. 

Section 2,4. Vice President. In the absence of the President, the Vice president longest holding such office shall preside at the meetings of the Board at which he is present. Each Vice president shall, in addition, perform such duties as the Board may prescribe. 

Section 2,5. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep the minutes of all meetings of the Board and shall perform like duties of committees when required. The Secretary shall in addition have custody of the corporate seal, cause proper notice to be given of meeting of the Board, and perform such other duties as the Board may prescribe. 

Section 2,6. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have custody of the funds and securities of the Corporation, keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in the books of the Corporation, and deposit all money and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depository or depositories as may be designated by the Board. The Treasurer and the President shall present at the Annual Meeting of the Board a report in accordance with Section 519 of the Not-for-Profit Corporation Law of the State of New York as such section may from time to time be amended. The Treasurer, in addition, shall perform such other duties as the Board may prescribe. 

Section 2,7. Fixing of Salaries. The salaries, if any, of officers shall be fixed by a majority vote of the entire Board. 

 
ARTICLE 3 COMMITTEES

Section 3, 1. Executive and Standing Committees. The Board may, by resolution adopted by majority vote of the entire Board, create an executive committee or other standing committees each with no fewer than three members. The Board may designate Directors as members or alternates of such committees by majority vote of the entire Board. The executive committee shall have the authority of the Board during intervals between meetings of the Board, except as limited by law. 

Section 3,2. Special Committees. The Board may create such special committees as it may deem desirable and the members of such committees shall be amppointed by the Chairman of the Board [or the President of the Corporation if there is no Chairman of the Board], with the consent of the Board. Special committees of the Corporation and appoint the members thereof for such term as the Bord shall provide. Members of such committees may be removed by the Board with or without cause. Members of such sommittees of the Corporation need not be Directors of the Corporation. 

Section 3,3. Action without a Meeting; Telephonic Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by any committee at a meeting may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, adopting a resolution authorizing the action, shall be signed by all members of the committee. The members of any such committee may participate in a meeting of the committee by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment allowing all persons participating in the meeting to hear each other at the same time. Participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at such meeting. 

 
ARTICLE 4 Indemnification of Directors and officers

Subject to the provisions of Sections 721 through 726 of the Not-for-profit Corporation Law of the State of New York:

Section 4,1. Authorization for Indeminificaiton in actions by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor. The Corporation shall indemnify any and evey person made a party to any action, suit or proceeding by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he, his testator or intestate, is or was a Director or Officer of the Corporation, against any and all reasonable expenses, including attorneys fees, actually and necessarily incurred by him in connetion with the defense of such action, or in connetion with any appeal therein, except in relation to matters as to which it shall be adjudged in such action, suit or proceeding that such Director or Officer has breached his duty to the Society. The indemnification authorized by this Section 4,1 shall in no case include (a) amounts paid in settling or otherwise disposing of a threatened action, or a pending action with or without court approval, or a pending action which is settled or otherwise disposed of without court approval. ice for any other coporation or any partnership, joint venture, trustm employee benefit plan or other enterprise, not opposed to, the best interests of the Corporation and, in criminal actions or poceedings, in additon, had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful. 

Section 4,2. Authorization for indemnification in actions or proceedings other than by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor. The Corporation shall indemnify any and every person made, or threatened to be made a party to any action, suit or proceeding other than one by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor, whether civil or criminal including an action by or in the right of any other corporation of any type or kind, domestic or foreign, or any partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise which any Director or Officer of the Corporation served in any capacity at the request of the Corporation, by reason of the fact that he, his testator or intestate, was a Director or Officer of the Corporation, or served such othr corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other evtrprise in ay capacity, against judgments, fines smounts paid in settlement, and reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, actially and necessarily incurred as a result of such action, suit or proceeding. or any appeal therein, in such Director or Officer cated in good faith for a purpose which he reasonable believed to be in, or, in the case of serv

 
ARTICLE 5 General Fiscal Provisions

Section 5,1. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall commence on the 1st day of January and end on the 31st day of December of each year.

Section 5,2. Securities. Unless otherwise specified by the Board, the President shall have full power and authority on behalf of the Corporation to vote, either in person or by proxy, at any meetin of stockholders of any corporation in which the Corporation may hold stock, and at any such meeting shall possess and may exercise any and all of the rights and powers incident to the ownership of such stock which s the owner thereof, the Corporation possesses. 

 
ARTICLE 6 Amendments

These By-Laws may be amended by the Board.

 
ARTICLE 7 Miscellaneous

Section 7,1. Seal. The seal of the Corporation shall be circular in form and shall bear the name of the Corporation, the year and state of its incorporation, and such other insignis or matter as may be deemed appropriate by the Board and no contrary to law. 

Section 7,2. Place of Meetings. All meeting of the Directors shall be held at such placed within or without the state of New York as shall designated in the notice of meeting or as may be fixed by the Board.

 
Executives of FSUN 

FSUN executives are disclosed at the Annual General Meeting. The Annual Meeting of this year, 1998 was held at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu on February 27th 1998

 
Address Telephone number of FSUN