Males who were heavy viewers of violent TV shows between the ages of six and nine were twice as likely as other males to push, grab or shove their spouses and three times as likely to be convicted of criminal behavior by the time they were in their early 20s, the long-term study of 329 people found. Females who were high-volume viewers of violent shows as young children were more than twice as likely as other young women to have thrown something at their spouse and more than four times as likely as other young women to have punched, beaten or choked another adult. The analysis was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental Health.